3 the incidence and geographic range of vector and waterborne diseases. The Bank’s support for development goals can help in this regard, for example, in relation to Water Sanitation and Health (WASH). Integrate Africa may face challenges associated with sea level rise and regional infrastructure passing through coastal areas. With regard to improving the quality of life for Africans, climate-related migration may also create challenges in addition to sea level rise disrupting coastal communities. Further, adaptation measures only reduce impacts, rather than eliminating them. Transition risks to development A key concern driving the reporting of transition risks is the potential for stranded assets.7 This includes fossil fuel reserves and related infrastructure as well as technologies that use fossil fuels to generate electricity. Quantities of gas, oil, and coal reserves could become stranded as restrictions, market conditions, and technologies (i.e., the transition) makes these resources non-viable to extract for the purposes of combustion. Africa has large natural gas reserves, along with oil and coal reserves. There is a risk that infrastructure put in place to extract and refine these resources may also become stranded, including oil refineries. Introduction Regional warming for the 2008–2015 decade relative to 1850–1900 Source: IPCC 2018 Annual mean Average for December–January–February Average for June–July–August 3.0 2.25 1.5 0.75 0.0 -0.75 -1.5 -2.25 -3.0 Estimated warming relative to 1850–1900 (°C)
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