73 including climatic disruptions. Hence, the aim of reducing net food trade to zero and having food self-sufficiency is an important step towards climate resilience. Improving the quality of life of Africans CCAP2 includes the expected percentage of population using safely managed drinking water services as 77.5% by 2020 and the Bank has a target of 83% in 2025. Africa has been close to meeting targets in the period 2016–2018 but has fallen away in 2019 based on the data available. At the level of RMCs, there is wide variation in the percentage of population using safely managed drinking water services, with some RMCs below 10%. CCAP2 includes the expected percentage of population using safely managed sanitation facilities as 41% by 2020 and the Bank has a target of 83% in 2025. Africa is generally meeting the Bank’s sanitation targets. At the level of RMCs, there is wide variation in the percentage of population using safely managed sanitation services, with some RMCs below 10% and even 5% . With regard to the Bank’s contribution to new and improved access to water and sanitation, the Bank has exceeded its target of 3.6 million people in 2019, instead reaching 10.1 million people. While progress on water and sanitation across Africa is mixed, the Bank is achieving its Africa-wide targets. Water resilience Climate change includes changes in precipitation as well as evapotranspiration and, as such, resilience to water shocks is an important part of climate resilience. Using the resilience to water shocks index, Africa has been exceeding the Bank’s targets. A practical example of enhanced climate resilience related to water is the Muvumba Multipurpose Water Resources Development Program from Rwanda, supported in the Bank. Adaptation actions Most African countries have a national adaptation plan (NAP), law, or policy in place; however, this is a weak indicator. Having a plan, strategy, law, or policy is a step further than a statement of intent, but the design and application of these interventions are much more important. Adaptation challenges and needs The work done by the Bank’s NDC Hub in its Analysis of Adaptation Components of Africa’s NDCs provides a basis for understanding adaptation challenges and needs. Challenges and barriers include exogenous factors such as military and political crises, which when we have 54 RMCs (i.e. over a quarter of all UN member states), will be an issue at some stage. Institutions are a key issue, including policies and the organizational capacity needed to support policies and adaptation interventions. Knowledge is another challenge, for example, on the issue of climate change or the interventions that are possible. The need for finance is another recurring theme. Political will is also mentioned. In short, political will is needed along with institutions. Meanwhile, finance and other resources are needed for these institutions to have the capacity and means to develop policies and deliver interventions effectively. Lastly, there is a need to ensure immediate development needs are met while also ensuring these interventions are truly climate resilient in the long term. The Analysis of Adaptation Components of Africa’s NDCs also found that a quarter of RMCs need support developing NDC implementation plans; while the vast majority of RMCs need support in developing information systems for monitoring, evaluation and reporting, building institutional structures and coordination mechanisms given the cross-cutting nature of adaptation, as well as support in mobilizing resources for NDC implementation. Mitigation and low-carbon development Introduction The industrial revolution marks the beginning of anthropogenic climate change. Today industrialization, related technologies, and land use changes drive GHG emissions and climate change. However, African countries are only at the beginning of their industrialization when it comes to manufacturing and agriculture as well as modern information services. Past development pathways and technologies are untenable given related GHG emissions. New pathways, technologies, and business models are needed, so we can have low emissions development, fulfilling Pillar 2 of CCAP2. With the Bank’s approach towards implementing Pillar 2 on mitigation and low-carbon development, CCAP2 highlights the need to decouple economic growth from GHG emissions, so that our growth pathway is one of low-carbon development. While energy related emissions are relatively low across Africa, industrialization requires energy to grow and households need energy to improve quality. The choices made to Light Up and Power Africa will have a strong bearing on whether we have low-carbon development. Likewise approaches related to the Green growth in Africa — current initiatives and future developments
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