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I
nternational
C
ooperation
on
W
ater
S
ciences
and
R
esearch
prioritize it for their own purposes, resulting in compet-
ing demands. This inevitably creates complex pressures
on the water system, and integrated approaches are
required to find solutions. Government has traditionally
been responsible for managing rivers, but increasingly
the public, non-governmental organizations, industri-
alists, farmers and other stakeholders are also playing
greater roles. In a 2005 paper, Weng explains at length
the need for the involvement of multiple players who
are strategic, need-based and inspired by a vision for
finding practical solutions to water issues.
6
Weng
proposes ‘PEOPLE’ as an acronym standing for the
ingredients necessary for integrated river manage-
ment to work most effectively: Public participation;
Environmental conservation; Ordeals; Politics and
pollution; Learning; Equity; and Economics. He then
expands on each of these elements, citing numerous
examples of existing problems and of ongoing projects
in sustainable river management. The important point
here is that the involvement of multiple players has to
be strategic, need-based and inspired by a vision for
finding practical solutions to water issues.
In Malaysia, natural and man-made waterways
are interconnected, especially in the more devel-
oped areas of Peninsular Malaysia. They include
the various river systems, of which there are 89 in
Peninsular Malaysia, 22 in Sarawak and 78 in Sabah;
7
several artificial water infrastructures consisting of
large lakes such as Kenyir Lake and Temenggor Lake
in Terengganu; and many smaller ponds, swales
and urban drainages. Water from all these sources
must support agriculture, domestic and other indus-
trial uses as well as various engineering projects
such as hydroelectric and wastewater treatment. To
help meet this challenge, USM researchers from the
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to
lead the International Year of Water Cooperation activities.
Despite the vital importance of water to life on Earth, there are
major gaps in our understanding of water availability, quality and
dynamics, and of the impact of global changes on water systems.
Through place-based research and integrative modelling, USM has
been pursuing education- and research-based capacity-building and
policy interactions to enhance our understanding of water system
and land use changes, the built environment, ecosystem functions
and services and climate change and variability, and to predict how
each of these will impact the others.
Flooding is the most common natural disaster encountered in
Malaysia. Both monsoon floods and flash floods are frequent. The
Department of Irrigation and Drainage in Malaysia has estimated that
about 29,000 km
2
(9 per cent of the total land area) and more than
4.82 million people (22 per cent of the population) are affected by
flooding annually. The damage caused by flooding is estimated to be
about RM 915 million (£160 million). Monsoon floods are caused by
long durations of heavy rainfall, but more localized flooding, which
occurs especially in newly developed town areas, is part of the dynamics
of the built environment. The River Engineering and Urban Drainage
Research Centre (REDAC), the School of Engineering, the School
of Biology, the Geography Department, and the Centre for Global
Sustainability Studies (CGSS) are among the sections of USM currently
active in the research and capacity-building area of water management.
In order to facilitate international cooperation, since 2004, REDAC has
been holding a triennial international conference on rivers.
5
Use-inspired research for water cooperation
Integrated river management, stormwater management and
computer modelling are three areas of active research at USM.
Integrated river management
The sustainable management of Malaysia’s waterways is a central
issue for national development. Various users of river water want to
Modelling for digital flood mapping, erosion and sediment control in Malaysia
Image: REDAC USM