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of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD). UNESCO leads the Decade and has developed an International
Implementation Scheme for it. The goals of the Decade are to provide an opportunity for refining and promoting the
vision of, and transition to, sustainable development, through all forms of education, public awareness and training;
and to give an enhanced profile to the important role of education and learning in sustainable development.
2 Spencer, J. (2010). An evolving definition of sustainability. The Journal of Sustainability Education (JSE).
3 In 1981, six oil-producing countries from the Arabian Gulf States decided to form a union, now known as the
Gulf Cooperation Council States (GCCS). The members of the council are Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar,
United Arab Emirates and Sultanate of Oman. The main declared objective of the council was to maintain good
cooperation ties between these states to achieve economic, social and environmental development. Massive
oil revenues were spent on many development projects such as housing, water, health and sanitation. In
consequence, the quality of life improved in comparison to the pre-oil era situation.
4 In addition to UAE, American university in Sharjah (AUS), University of Sharjah and Ajman University opened
departments of design and architecture. AUS is the only institution that offers an MA degree in urban development.
Further references
1 Abir, M. (1988). Saudi Arabia in the Oil Era . Boulder: West View Press. Al-Misnad, S. (1985). The Development of
Modern Education in the Gulf. London: Ithaca Press .
2 Association of Commonwealth Universities (1993). The Swansea Declaration. Retrieved 29 January 29 2003 from
3 Association of University Leaders for a Sustainable Future (1990). Report and Declaration of the Presidents’
Conference. Retrieved January 29, 2003, from
4 Bill, J.A. (1984). Resurgent Islam in the Persian Gulf. Foreign Affairs no. 63. Cottrell, A.J. (1980). The Persian Gulf
States: A General Survey. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
5 Calder, W. and Clugston, R.M. (2002). Higher Education. In Stumbling Toward Sustainability, ed. J. C. Dernbach.
Washington, D.C.: Environmental Law Institute.
6 Conference of European Rectors (CRE) Copernicus, Copernicus University Charter (1993). Retrieved 29 January
2003 from
7 Gulf citizen, no qualifications, seeks well-paid job. The Economist,vol. 343, no. 8012, 12 April 1997.
8 Husen, Torsten, ed. (1994). The International Encyclopedia of Education. New York: Pergamon.
9 International Association of Universities (1993). Kyoto Declaration. Retrieved 29 January 2003 from www.unesco.
org/iau/tfsd_first.html#THE%20KYOTO.
10 Kinabo, L. (2001). Higher education for sustainability: the case of Tanzania. Paper presented at the International
Copernicus Conference at the University of Luneburg, Germany.
Entrepreneurship as the fishing rod in place of the fish
1 Governance for the Millennium Development Goals. 7th Global Forum on Reinventing Government Building Trust in
Government, 26-29 June 2007, Vienna, Austria.
2 Leibenstein, H. (1968). Core issues and good practices. In Entrepreneurship and Development, Proceedings
American Economic Association Entrepreneurship and Development. American Economic Review, vol. 58, no. 2,
pp. 72-83, May 1968.
3 Shapero, A. Entrepreneurship and Development . Madison Wisconsin, Project PSEED Ltd.
4 Kasper,W.andStreit,M.E.InternationalEconomics,SocialOrderandPublicPolicy.EdwardElgerPublishing,UnitedKingdom.
5 Boettke, P. J. and Coyne, C. J. Entrepreneurship and development: cause or consequence? George Mason
University, research project under support of J. M. Kaplan Funds.
6 Ronstadt, R. C. (1984). Entrepreneurship. Lord Publishing, Dover, MA.
7 Kim, Young-Gil (2009). New global educational strategy for capacity-building of sustainable development in
developing countries, 18 pages, WCHE-2009, 5-8 July, 2009, Paris, France.
8 Kim, Young-Gil (2010). A shift of higher education paradigm with scientific development from isolation to
integrative/holistic global education in the twenty-first century. Educational Research, vol. 1(4), pp. 075-087, May
2010. Available from
Strategies to reinforce the role of ICT in teaching and learning for sustainability
1 Makrakis, V. (2008). An instructional design module of ICT that empowers teachers to integrate education for
sustainable development across the curriculum. In Proceedings of the 6th Panhellenic Conference with International
Participation on Information and Communication Technologies in Education, C. Angeli and N. Valanides, eds. vol. 1,
pp.391-398, University of Cyprus.
2 Makrakis, V. (2010). The challenge of WikiQuESD as an environment for constructing knowledge in teaching and
learning for sustainable development. DiscourseandCommunication forSustainableEducation, vol. 1, no.1 pp. 50-57.
3 UNESCO (2008). Accessed on 15 June 2010 from:
results_dg.pdf)
Transforming childhood: from reinforcing consumerism to inspiring sustainable living
1 Koskie, B. Obama Proposes Longer School Days, Extended School Year. EDU in Review. 12 March 2009.
2 Ibid.
3 Rideout, V. and others (2010). Generation M2: Media in the Lives of 8- to 18-Year-Olds. Washington, DC: Kaiser
Family Foundation, January 2010.
4 Ibid.
5 Linn, S. Commercialism in children’s lives. In State of the World 2010. Worldwatch Institute, New York: W. W.
Norton & Company, 2010, pp. 63-64.
6 Linn, S. op. cit. note 5; K. Morgan and R. Sonnino (2010). Rethinking school food: the power of the public plate.
In State of the World 2010. Worldwatch Institute, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010, p. 70; Michael
Jacobson and others., Marketing Madness: A Survival Guide for a Consumer Society. Boulder: Westview Press, 1995.
7 Euromonitor International, Marketing to Children: A World Survey. 2001 Edition, London: 2001.
8 Barnes, B. Disney expert uses science to draw boy viewers. New York Times, 14 April 2009.
9 Robinson, T. and others. Effects of reducing television viewing on children’s requests for toys: a randomized
controlled trial. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, June 2001, p. 179.
10 Jacobsson, I. Advertising ban and children: children have the right to safe zones. Current Sweden, June 2002;
Gómez, R. El Fin de la Publicidad en TVE Revoluciona el Sector Audiovisual. El Pais, 9 May 2009; Gómez, R. TVE
dará Salida Hasta Fin de Año a sus Contratos Publicitarios.El Pais, 30 July 2009; Hall, E. Beauty riskier than booze
on Spanish TV. Advertising Age, 25 January 2010.
11 United Nations, WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Adopted by 56th World Health Assembly,
Geneva, 21 May 2003.
12 Institute of Medicine (2006). FoodMarketing toChildrenandYouth:ThreatorOpportunity? Washington, DC: National
Academies Press, p. 8.
13 Nebehay, S. WHOTargetsChildObesitywithFoodMarketingCurbs . Reuters, 20 May 2010.
14 Strasburger, V. Children and TV advertising, nowhere to run, nowhere to hide. Journal of Developmental and
Behavioral Pediatrics, June 2001, p. 185.
15 Sachs, J. and Finkelpearl, S. (2010). From selling soap to selling sustainability: social marketing. InState of the
World 201 0. Worldwatch Institute, New York: W. W. Norton and Company, pp. 151–56.
16 Rideout and others, op. cit. note 3, p. 2.
17 Maniates, M. (2010). Editing out unsustainable behavior. In State of the World 2010. Worldwatch Institute, New
York: W. W. Norton & Company, pp. 119–26.
18 Ozanne, L. and Ozanne, J. Toy Libraries, In State of the World 2010. Worldwatch Institute, New York: W. W.
Norton & Company, pp. 66.
19 Ibid.
20 Farrington, G. Transformation of the California Academy of Sciences. In State of the World 2010. Worldwatch
Institute, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, pp. 68.
21 Ibid.
22 Assadourian, E. Goodbye Boy Scouts ,Hello Earth Scouts. Available from , retrieved on
7 May 2010.
23 Rosenthal, E. Students give up wheels for their own two feet. New York Times. 26 March 2009.
24 Ibid.
25 Assadourian, E. The rise and fall of consumer cultures. InState of the World 2010. Worldwatch Institute, New
York: W. W. Norton & Company, p. 15.
26 Andersen, R. and Miller, P. Media literacy, citizenship, and sustainability. In State of the World 2010. Worldwatch
Institute, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, pp. 159-60; Coen, R. Insider’s report: Robert Coen presentation
on advertising expenditures. Magna. December 2008.
27 Assadourian, E. Cultivating the Butterfly Effect. World Watch Magazine, Jan-Feb 2003.
28 Assadourian, E, op. cit. note 24, pp. 16-20.
29 Morgan, K. and Sonnino, R. op. cit. note 6, pp. 73-74.
30 Severson, K. A school fight over chocolate milk. The New York Times. 24 August 2010.
The foundations of ESD in early childhood education
1 UN Convention on the Right of the Child (1989). Available from law/crc.htm (090811).
2 Wilkinson, R. and Pickett, K. (2010). Why equality is better for everyone. London: Penguin Books.
3 Pramling Samuelsson, I. and Kaga, Y. (2010). Early childhood education in transforming cultures for sustainability.
InState of the World 2010. Transforming Cultures: From Consumerism to Sustainability. E. Assadourian, ed.
Washington: Worldwatch Institute.
4 Wilkinson and Pickett, 2010.
5 Meltzoff, A.N. and others (1999).The Scientist in the Crib: Minds, Brains, and How Children Learn. New York:
William Morrow.
6 Pramling Samuelsson, I. and Kaga, Y. (2008), eds. The contribution of early childhood education to a sustainable society.
Paris: UNESCO.
7 OMEP (2009). International Journal of Early Childhood. Special Issue on Education for Sustainable Development
and Early Childhood Education, 41(2).
8 Siraj-Blatchford, J. and others (2010). Education for Sustainable Development in Early Years. OMEP.
9 Pramling Samuelsson, I. and Asplund Carlsson, M. (2008). The playing learning child: towards a pedagogy of
early childhood. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 52(6), 623-641.
10 Sylva, K and others, eds. (2010).Early Childhood Matters: Evidence from the Effetice Pre-School and Primary Education
Project, London: Routledge.
11 Sheridan, S., Pramling Samuelsson, I. and Johansson, E., eds. (2009).Barns tidiga lärande. En tvärsnittsstudie om
förskolan som miljö för barns lärande. Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis.
12 Mansel, W. (2010, 15 February). Poor children a year behind in language skills.The Guardian , available from
13 UNICEF (2008).The child care transition. A league table of early childhood education and care in economically advanced
countries. Unicef Innocenti Research Centre, Florence, Italy.
14 OECD (2009). Doing Better for Children. Available from
15 Peeters, J. (2008). The construction of a new profession. Amsterdam: SWP.
16 Sheridan, S., Pramling Samuelsson, I. and Johansson, E., eds. (2009).
17 Sylva, K., Melhuish, E., Sammons, P., Siraj-Blatchford, I. and Taggert, B.
18 Sommer, D., Pramling Samuelsson, I. and Hundeide, K. (2010). Child perspectives and children’s perspectives in theory
and practice. New York: Springer.
19 Swedish OMEP (2009). Barns deltagande i det fysiska rummet. [Children’s participation in the physical space]
Stockholm: Allmänna Arvsfonden.
20 Sheridan, Pramling Samuelsson and Johansson (2009).
21 Pramling Samuelsson, I. (in press). Why we should begin early to ‘teach’ children for ESD – the role of early
childhood education. International Journal of Early Childhood.
Transformative learning for a more sustainable world
1 Republic of South Africa, Department of Education (2002). National Curriculum Statement for Grade R-9,
Government Printers: Pretoria.
2 Chipwhanya, N. (2010). Asking ‘why’ questions in teaching. 2010 Environmental Learning Research Dialogue.
Grahamstown: Environmental Learning Research Centre.
3 Silo, N. (2009). Exploring learners’ participation in waste management activities in a rural Botswana Primary
school. Southern African Journal of Environmental Education, vol. 26, pp. 176-192.
4 Botswana Government (2007).National Environmental Education Strategy and Action Plan. Gaborone: Government
Printer.
5 Masara, C. (2010). Beekeeping Training.2010 Environmental Learning Research Dialogue. Grahamstown:
Environmental Learning Research Centre.
6 Jensen, B. and Schnack, K. (1977). The action competence approach in environmental education.Environmental
Education Research, 3(2), pp. 163-178.
7 Hart, R.A. (1997).Children’s Participation: The Theory And Practice Of Involving Young Citizens In Community
Development And Environmental Care. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd.
8 O’Donoghue, R. and Fox, H. (2009).Handprints for Change: Workbooks for teachers, Howick: Share-Net. http://www.
9 Jickling, R. and others (2006).Environmental Education, Ethics and Action: A workbook to get started . Nairobi: UNEP
and Share-Net.
10 Wals, A. (2007). Learning in a changing world and changing in a learning world: Reflexively fumbling towards
sustainability. Southern African Journal of Environmental Education, vol. 27, pp. 35-45.