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The International Year of Forests, 2011: inspiring action
1 See
2 See
3 See
4 See
5 See
6 See www.upu.int
7 See
Dryland Forests – agroforestry and people in drylands: a needed approach
1 Statement of Mr Luc Gnacadja, Executive Secretary of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification
on the occasion of the World Day to Combat Desertification, 17 July 2011.
2 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis.
Washington, DC: Island Press. Available from
document.356.aspx.pdf.
3 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, 12 September 1994. Available from http://
www.unccd.int/convention/text/pdf/conv-eng.pdf.
4 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current State and Trends.
World Resources Institute. Washington, DC: Island Press.
5, 6, 7 Murphy, Peter G. and Ariel E. Lugo (1986). Ecology of Tropical Dry Forest. Annual Review of Ecology
and Systematics, vol. 17 (1986), pp. 67-88. Available from
jburns/Articles%20-Read/dryforest2.pdf.
8 Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (2010). Global Forests Resources Assessment 2010.
Main report. FAO Forestry Paper 163, Rome. Available from
i1757e.pdf.
9 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005a). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. World
Resources Institute. Washington, DC: Island Press. Available from .
org/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf
10 Murphy, Peter G. and Ariel E. Lugo (1986). Ecology of Tropical Dry Forest. Annual Review of Ecology and
Systematics, vol. 17 (1986), pp. 67-88. Available from
Articles%20-Read/dryforest2.pdf.
11 This best practice example is part of the National Report submitted to UNCCD by India in 2010.
12 This best practice example is part of the National Report submitted to UNCCD by Peru in 2010.
13 This best practice example is part of the National Report submitted to UNCCD by Ghana in 2010.
14 Ebeling, J. and M. Yasue (2008). Generating carbon finance through avoided deforestation and its
potential to create climatic, conservation and human development benefits. Philosophical Transactions
of the Royal Society B, vol. 363, pp. 1917-1924.
15 Glenday, J. (2008). Carbon storage and emissions offset potential in an African dry forest, the Arabuko-
Sokoke Forest, Kenya. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 142, pp. 85-95.
16 Sunderlin, W.D. and others (2008). Why forests are important for global poverty alleviation: a spatial
explanation. Ecology and Society, vol. 13, No. 2, article 24.
17 Myers Madeira, E. (2009). Assessment of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
(REDD+) activities in Indonesia and the absence of PES-like implementation strategies. Manuscript.
From crisis to consensus: the future of forestry in Asia and the Pacific
1 In 2009, a ‘+’ was added to the original REDD concept to expand its scope even further, beyond
deforestation and forest degradation, to include carbon stock enhancements.
2 World Resources Institute (2010). Available from
pledges_2010-06-05.pdf.
3 RAFT is a five-year programme (2006-2011) funded by USAID’s Regional Development Mission for
Asia and managed by The Nature Conservancy. RAFT’s core implementing partners include IUCN,
RECOFTC – The Center for People and Forests, The Forest Trust, The Nature Conservancy, The
Tropical Forest Foundation, TRAFFIC and WWF’s Global Forest & Trade Network. RAFT works in
Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Thailand and Vietnam.
4 The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is a global standard for good forest and timber supply chain
management. FSC certification is considered the most credible global scheme to ensure management
that harnesses social and environmental, as well as economic benefits.
5 Sam Lawson (2010). Illegal logging and related trade: indicators of the global response. Chatham House
).
Sustaining societies through forests and trees: agroforestry and the United Nations conventions
1 Zomer, R.J. and others (2009). Trees on farm: analysis of global extent and geographical patterns of
agroforestry. ICRAF Working Paper no 89. Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Centre.
2 Leisher, C and S.N. Larsen (2010). Biodiversity conservation as a poverty trap, safety net, or route out of
poverty. Presentation at the Zoological Society of London: Linking biodiversity conservation and poverty
reduction: what, why and how? Report by the Nature Conservancy for the International Institute for
Environment and Development (IIED).
3 Van Noordwijk, M. and others (2002). Options for smallholder rubber producers to increase
productivity while maintaining ‘forest functions’. Asia Rubber Markets Conference, 28-29 October
2002, Kuala Lumpur.
4 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2001). Special report on land use, land-use
change and forestry. IPCC, Germany.
5 Smith P and others (2007). Agriculture. In Metz, B, Davidson, O.R., Bosch, R.P., Dave, R., and Meyer,
L.A. (eds.), Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth
Assessment Report on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press.
6 Verchot, L.V. and others (2007). Climate change: linking adaptation and mitigation through
agroforestry. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, vol. 12, pp. 901-918.
7 Ma, X. and others (2009). Response of hydrological processes to land-cover and climate changes in
Kejie watershed, south-west China.Hydrological Processes. Online. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.7233.
8 Bayala, J. and others (2008). Hydraulic redistribution study in two native tree species of agroforestry
parklands of West African dry savanna. Acta Ocologica. vol. 34, pp. 370-378.
9 Kandji, S.T. and others (2006). Opportunities for linking climate change adaptation and mitigation
through agroforestry systems. In: Garrity, D., Okono, A., Grayson, M., and Parrott, S. (eds.), World
Agroforestry into the Future. World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi.
10 Reij, C., G. Tappan, and M. Smale (2009). Agroenvironmental transformation in the Sahel: another
kind of ‘green revolution’. IFPRI Discussion Paper 00914. Washington DC: International Food Policy
Research Institute.
Multiple benefits from REDD+
1 Van der Werff (2009). The combined contribution of deforestation, forest degradation and peatland
emissions to total anthropogenic CO2 emissions is about 15 per cent (range 8-20 per cent).
2 For example, protecting forests in one locale may result in deforestation in another area.
3 Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems. These include provisioning services
such as food, water, timber and fibre; regulating services that affect climate, floods, disease, waste
and water quality; cultural services that provide recreational, aesthetic and spiritual benefits; and
supporting services such as soil formation, photosynthesis, and nutrient cycling (Millennium Ecosystem
Assessment 2005).
4 TEEB, 2009
5 Miles et al., 2010a
6
7 Miles et al., 2010b
List of sources
- Miles, L. and others (2009). Carbon, biodiversity and ecosystem services: exploring co-benefits.
Tanzania. Prepared by UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK and Forestry and Beekeeping Division, Ministry
of Natural Resources and Tourism, Dar es Salaam. UN-REDD Programme, Tanzania.
- Miles, L. and others. (2010a). A safer bet for REDD+: review of the evidence on the relationship
between biodiversity and the resilience of forest carbon stocks. Working Paper v2. Multiple Benefits,
Series 10. Prepared on behalf of the UN-REDD Programme. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring
Centre, Cambridge, UK.
- Miles, L., V. Kapos, and E. Dunning (2010b). Ecosystem services from new and restored forests: tool
development. Multiple Benefits, Series 5. Prepared on behalf of the UN-REDD Programme. UNEP
World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK.
- TEEB (2010). The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity. TEEB for Policy Makers. Summary:
Responding to the Value of Nature. London, UK: Earthscan. Available from
ForPolicymakers/tabid/1019/Default.aspx.
- Van der Werff, G. R. and others (2009). CO2 emissions from forest loss. Nature Geoscience, vol. 2, No.
11, pp. 737-738.
Forest protection and climate change
1 Williams et al., 2011
2 Ayres and Lombardero, 2000; Logan, Régnière and Powell, 2003
3 Ayres and Lombardero, 2000
4 Thomas et al., 2004
5 Deutsch et al., 2008
6 Parmesan, 2006; Menéndez, 2007
7 For example, Parmesan et al., 1999; Parmesan and Yohe, 2003; Wilson et al., 2005, 2007
8 Bale et al., 2002
9 Parmesan, 2006
10 Walther et al., 2002
11 Harrington, Fleming and Woiwod, 2001
12 e.g. Zhou et al., 1995; Fitter and Fitter, 2002; Walther et al., 2002; Parmesan and Yohe, 2003; Root
et al., 2003; Gordo and Sanz, 2005; Visser and Both, 2005; Parmesan, 2006, 2007; Harrington et al.,
2007; Menéndez, 2007.
List of sources
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herbivores and pathogens. Science of the Total Environment, vol. 262, pp. 263-286.
- Bale, J.S.B. and others (2002). Herbivory in global climate change research: direct effects of rising
temperature on insect herbivores. Global Change Biology, vol. 8, pp. 1-16.
- Deutsch, C.A. and others (2008). Impacts of climate warming on terrestrial ectotherms across latitude.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 105, No. 18, pp. 6668-6672.
- Fitter, A.H. and R.S.R. Fitter (2002). Rapid changes in flowering time in British plants.Science, vol. 296,
pp. 1689-1791.
- Gordo, O. and J.J. Sanz (2005). Phenology and climate change: a long-term study in a Mediterranean
locality.Oecologia, vol. 146, pp. 484-495.
- Harrington, R., R.A.Fleming and I.P. Woiwod (2001). Climate change impacts on insect management
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- Harrington, R. and others (2007). Environmental change and the phenology of European aphids. Global
Change Biology, vol. 13: pp. 1556-1565.
- Logan, J.A., J. Régnière and J.A. Powell (2003). Assessing the impact of global warming on forest pest
dynamics. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 130-137.
- Menéndez, R. (2007). How are insects responding to global warming?Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, vol.
150, pp. 355-365.
- Parmesan, C. (2006). Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change.Annual Review of
Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, vol. 37, pp. 637-69.
- Parmesan, C. (2007). Influences of species, latitudes and methodologies on estimates of phenological
response to global warming. Global Change Biology, vol. 13, pp. 1860-1872.
- Parmesan, C. and G. Yohe (2003). A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across
natural systems. Nature, vol. 421, pp. 37-42.
- Parmesan, C. and others (1999). Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of butterfly species associated
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Notes and References
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