Forests for People

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- Barttlet, A.G. and Y.B. Malla (1992). Local forest management and forest policy in Nepal. Journal of
World Forest Resource Management, vol. 6, pp. 99-116.
- Chapagain, N. and M.R. Banjade (2009). Community forestry and local development: experiences from
the Koshi Hills of Nepal. Journal of Forest and Livelihood, vol. 8, No. 2, August 2009.
- DFRS (1999). Forest resources of Nepal (1987-1998). Department of Forest Research and Survey,
Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Forest Resource Information System Project, The
Government of Finland. Publication No. 74.
- FAO and Department of Forests (2009). Effectiveness of leasehold forestry to poverty reduction, FAO/
TCP/NEP/3102 working document, Kathmandu.
- Gautam, A. P., E. L.Webb and A.Eiumnoh (2002). GIS assessment of land use/land cover changes
associated with community forestry implementation in the Middle Hills of Nepal. Mountain Research and
Development, vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 63-69.
- Gautam, A.P. and others (2003). Land use dynamics and landscape change pattern in a mountain
watershed in Nepal. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, vol. 99, No. 2003, pp. 83-96.
- Griffin, D. (1988). Innocents abroad in the forests of Nepal: an account of Australian aid to Nepalese
forestry. ANUTECH Pty. Ltd., Canberra.
- HMGN/MoFSC (2002). Nepal Biodiversity Strategy. His Majesty’s Government of Nepal. Ministry of
Forests and Soil Conservation. Kathmandu, Nepal.
- ICIMOD (2011). Forest carbon monitoring report of REDD+ project in community forests of
Ludikhola watershed (Gorkha), Kayarkhola watershed (Chitwan) and Charnawati watershed (Dolakha).
- Paudel, I. P. (2010). Impact of forest ownership change on biodiversity conservation in the lowland
of Nepal. Global Alliance of Community Forestry. Retrieved on 12/9/2011 at
wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Impact_of_CF-Poudel_article_11.pdf.
- Phelps, J., E. L. Webb and A. Agrawal (2010). Does REDD+ threaten to recentralize forest governance?
Science, vol. 328.
- Shrestha,U.B., B.B Shrestha and S.Shrestha (2010). Biodiversity conservation in community forests
of Nepal: Rhetoric and reality. International Journal of Biodiversity and ConservationVol. 2, No. 5, pp.
98-104, May, 2010.
Voices of the forest: building partnerships for community forestry in Cambodia
1 The Untouchables: Forest Crimes and the Concessionaires : Can Cambodia Afford to Keep them? London:
Global Witness.
2 FAO (2007). Brief on National Forest Inventory, Cambodia, MAR-SFM Working Paper 15, Rome.
3 For example, ADB (2000). Cambodia forest concession review report. Asian Development Bank,
Phnom Penh.
4 Hoev and others (2006). The value of forest resources to rural livelihoods in Cambodia, Cambodia
Development Research Institute, Policy Brief, Issue 2, Cambodia.
5 RGC (2002). Forestry Law. Article 42. Royal Government of Cambodia, Phnom Penh. Available from
6 Tom D. Evans and others (January 2003). A Study of resin-tapping and livelihoods in southern
Mondulkira, Cambodia, with implications for conservation and forest management. Wildlife
Conservation Society, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
Tropical forests for local people
1 Chomitz, K M. (2007). At loggerheads? Agricultural expansion, poverty reduction, and environment in
the tropical forests. The World Bank. Washington, D.C.
2 White, A. and A. Martin (2002). Who Owns the World’s Forests? Forest Trends. Washington, D.C.
3 ITTO/RRI (2009).Tropical forest tenure assessment. Trends, challenges and opportunities. May 2009.
4 Producer (tropical) countries plus China.
5 RECOFTC (2008). People and forests in a time of rapid change. Strengthening capacities for
community forestry to respond. RECOFTC’S Strategic Plan 2008-2013. Bangkok.
6 The problem analysis draws on the outcomes of the ITTO Conference on forest tenure, governance
and enterprise: new opportunities for livelihoods and wealth in Central and West Africa (Yaoundé,
Cameroon, 2009), and the ITTO Conference on community forest management and enterprises –
global issues and opportunities (Rio, Branco, Acre, Brazil, 2007).
7 Oberndorf, R. et al. (eds.) (2007). A cut for the poor. FAO and RECOFTC. Bangkok.
8 RECOFTC. Ibid.
9 Oberndorf et al. (2007). Ibid.
10 Dourojeanni, M. J. and J. E. Seve (2006). Synthesis report on ex-post evaluations. Overall evaluation
of ITTO projects on community participation in sustainable forest management (Bolivia, Ghana,
Panama, Peru, Philippines and Togo). CRF(XXXIX)/6, 13 October 2006 and Dourojeanni, M. J. (2007).
Synthesis report promotion of the exchange of experiences at the regional level on the implementation
of sustainable forest management through ITTO supported projects. CRF(XLI)/8, 19 September 2007.
‘Pleasant be Thy hills, O Earth – Thy snow clad mountains and Thy woods’: greening the mountains
in the Indian Himalayan Region
1 Public lecture (2009). Sustainable development in the Indian ethos. Dr. Karan Singh. Indira Gandhi
Open University, New Delhi, India.
2 The Peeple or Bo tree (Ficus religiosa) is also know as Tree of Wisdom, Tree of Nirvana, Tree of
Enlightenment, Tree of Knowledge and Tree of Eternal life. A steatite seal excavated from Mohenjodaro
(Harrappa culture) c.2000 BC–1000 BC shows the Peeple tree being worshipped around 4,000 years
ago by Hindus, who believe in its preservation. Its greatness is narrated in the Puranas: ‘Brahma shaped
at the root, Vishnu shaped in the middle, and shiva shaped at the top. We salute you, king of all trees’.
3 The Vatavriksha or Banyan tree (Ficus benghalensis) is popularly called a ‘tree of Immortal Refuge’
because of its longevity. The Banyan tree also symbolizes all three Hindu gods of the Triad: Lord Vishnu
is its bark, Lord Brahma the root and Lord Shiva its branches. This national tree of India symbolizes
Hinduism, which branches out in all directions, draws from many roots and spreads shade far and
wide, yet stems from one great trunk. It is remarkable for sending down aerial roots from its branches
and these roots give rise to more trunks and branches.
4 Kalpavriksha is a mythological, wish-fulfilling divine tree, a giver of everything, i.e. truly multipurpose in
nature. Kalpavriksha as a tree of plenty can figuratively refer to a source of bounty, and different trees are
referred by this name in different parts of India.
5 Message for World Environment Day, 5 June 1984, New Delhi by Mrs. Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister
of India.
6 Speech by Mrs. Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India, in the Plenary Session of the United Nations
Conference on Human Environment at Stockholm, 14June 1972.
7 Bhargava, K.S. and R.D. Khulbe (2007). Plants: Faith and Medicine, Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital,
India. p. 308.
8 Rajamani, R. (2005). Voices from an Indian Silent Spring. Nidhi Book Centre, Delhi, India. p. 231.
List of sources
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conservation and restoration. Mountain Protected Areas Update (September), p. 3-4.
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based on cultural and spiritual values. Unpublished paper. Franklin, West Virginia, USA: The Mountain
Institute.
- Bernbaum, E. (1999). Badrinath’s trees: Local forests being restored as pilgrims now plant trees as
offering to God. Hinduism Today, vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 23-24.
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degraded lands and biodiversity conservation. In Research for mountain development: some initiatives
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IUCN Guidelines for Planning and Managing Mountain Protected Areas, Chapter 5, p. 30.
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Environment Programme.
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August, p. 9.
- Annual Report (2007-2008). G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Kosi-
Katarmal, Almora, Uttarakhand, India, p. 26.
- Dainik Jagaran (Haldwani) (2004). Kolidhaik mein banega model park. Brikshon ko dharmik aastha se
joda jayega. 18 September, p. 3.
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the Sacred for Biodiversity Management(eds. Ramakrishnan, P.S., Saxena, K.G. and Chandrashekara,
U.M.). Oxford and IBH Publications, New Delhi, Calcutta, pp. 69-86.
- Amar Ujala (Dehradun) (1998). Hariyali ke morche par sena ka abhinav prayash, 25 September, p. 13.
- Dainik Jagaran (Dehradun) (1999). Seemant gaon mana ke rakshavan mein char sau vrikshon ka ropan,
15 September, p. 4.
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GBPIHED, p. 1-48.
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- Kothyari B.P. and S.K. Bhuchar (2010). Eco-restoration of degraded community land and associated
livelihoods in mid-altitudes of the central Himalaya. In R.P. Yadav, A.K. Tiwari, Pawan Sharma, Pratap
Singh, S.L. Arya, V.K. Bhatt, Ram Prasad, V.N. Sharda (eds.), Emerging Trends in Watershed Management,
pp. 461-475. Delhi: Satish Serial Publishing House.
- Ramakrishnan, P.S. and others (1992). Deforestation in Himalaya: causes, consequences and
restoration. In J.S. Singh (ed.), Restoration of Degraded Land: Concepts and Strategies. Meerut: Rastogi
Publications, pp. 271-289.
- Mihin Dollo and Prasanna K. Samal (2011). Community conserved area: a potential tool for biodiversity
conservation in Arunachal Pradesh. Published brochure, G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment
and Development, July 2011.
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World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK. 24 pp. Available from
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and conservation in Ziro Valley, Arunachal Himalaya, India. In Journal of American Science, vol. 5, No.
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Indigenous peoples, fire and forest management in Australia
1 Hill and Baird, 2003; Langton, 1998
2 Yunupingu, 1995, p. 65
3 MPIGA, 2008
4 Jones, 1969; Bowman, 1998
5 Yibarbuk et al., 2001; McGregor et al., 2010
6 Head and Hughes, 1996, p. 279
7 Bowman and Robinson, 2002
8 Feary, 2008
9 Hill et al., 2000; Langton, 1988
10 Bowman 1998; Robinson et al. 1995
11 Bowman, 1998
12 Andersen et al., 2003
13 Feary, 2008; Rangan and Lane, 2001
14 Lane and McDonald, 2002; McDonald and Lane, 2004
15 Hill, 2006; Langton, 1998
16 Ross et al., 2009
17 Hill et al., 2011; Pickerill, 2009
18 For example, Wangkawilurrara, 2011
19 Australian Government, 2005
20 ILC, 2011
21 See Box 1
22 Robinson et al., 2011
23 Russell-Smith et al., 2009
24 Whitehead et al., 2003
25 Whitehead et al., 2009
26 Heckbert et al., in press
27 See Box 2
28 Yibarkbuk et al., 2001
29 Rangan and Lane, 2001
30 According to the approach of Polglase et al., 2008
31 Charlie Hawkin and Scott Heckbert, unpublished data
32 See Australian Government, 2011b
List of sources
- Andersen, A. N., G.D. Cook, and R.J. Williams (eds.) (2003). Fire in Tropical Savannas: The Kapalga
Experiment. New York: Springer-Verlag.