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Finland – A green economy and rural livelihoods in Europe’s most forested country
Further reading
- National Forest Programme 2015. Available from
policy/strategies_programmes/kmo2010.html.
- The Forest Biodiversity Programme for Southern Finland (METSO). Available from .
- Metla. Available from
Investing in sustainable timberland: returns, environmental and social benefits, bioenergy and forest fuel
1 Sohngen, 2010
2 Altwegg and Maier, 2007
3 Rinehart, 2010
4 Maher and O’Conner, 2010
5 IWC, 2009
6 Zimmermann and Glauner, 2010
List of sources
- Altwegg, M. and Meier, R. (2008). Timberland. Holz – eine grüne Anlageklasse. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag.
- Caulfield, J. (1998). Timberland return drivers and investing styles for an asset that has come of age.
Real Estate Finance, vol. 14, No. 4.
- FAO (2011). Timberland in institutional investment portfolios: can significant investment reach
emerging markets? By Glauner R., J.Rinehart and P.D’Anieri (draft).
- Glauner R. (2011). Forst, pp. 182-189. In Staub-Bisang, M. (2011). Nachhaltige Anlagen für
institutionelle Investoren: Einführung und Überblick mit Fachbeiträgen und Praxisbeispielen. Verlag
Neue Zürcher Zeitung.
- IWC (2009). Global timberland investable universe. Copenhagen.
- IWC (2011). IWC News, Issue no. 34, October 2011.
- KPMG (2011). KPMG’s Timberland Investor Sentiment Survey.
- Maher, V. and O’Connor (eds.) (2010). The Definitive Guide to Investing in Timberland. PEIMEDIA,
London, New York, Singapore.
- Rinehart, J. (2010). US timberland post-recession – is it the same asset class? In Maher, V. and
O’Connor (eds.) (2010). The Definitive Guide to Investing in Timberland. PEIMEDIA, London, New York,
Singapore.
- Sohngen, B. (2010). Forestry carbon sequestration. In Lomborg, B. (ed.). Smart solutions to climate
change. Comparing costs and benefits. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- World Bank (2006). Where is the wealth of nations? Washington, DC: World Bank. Online at http://
- Zimmermann, F., Glauner, R. (2010). Estimating price development for teak using a Teak Price Index.
In Teaknet Bulletin, vol. 4, No. 1.
Thirty years of sustainable forest management in Africa
1 Trends and current status of the contribution of the forestry sector to national economies. FAO Forestry
Working Paper. FAO Forest Resources Assessment Report, 2010.
2 Lebedy, 2004.
3 Harwell and others (2011).
Sustainability indicators, decision-making and people
1 See
Sustainable forest management in Australia
1 Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (2011). Australia’s forests at a
glance 2011, Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences, Canberra.
Institutional investment in sustainable forestry
1 In some circumstances, subject to tenure, investors can also benefit from higher and better use (HBU)
of freehold land associated with the forest and commercialization of ecosystem services such as carbon
and water use rights.
2 For further background on the timberland asset class, please see New Forests’ Timberland Investment
Outlook 2011-2015, January 2011. Available from
MarketOutlook_NewForestsTimberlandInvestmentOutlook.pdf.
3 New Forests ) is one of a number of specialist managers in the forestry
investment management business. The company offers commingled funds in Asia-Pacific and the
United States. As a firm, New Forests is recognized for its emphasis on sustainable forestry and
pioneering investments in environment markets related to forest conservation.
4 The UN Principles of Responsible Investment have attracted signatories that control over US$22 trillion
of assets. See for more information.
5 Mercer LLC. Climate change scenarios: implications for strategic asset allocation, 2011. Available from
6 Can logging save biodiversity?Arborvitae, IUCN/WWF Forest Conservation Newsletter, No. 30, June
2006. Available from
7 Meijaard, E. and others (2005). Life after logging: reconciling wildlife conservation and production
forestry in Indonesian Borneo. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR.
8 See for more information.
Benefits of sustainable forestry management
1 For more information see
2 See
3 See
4 See
corporate-intent.
5 Hock, B. and others (2009). Towards green markets for New Zealand plantations. New Zealand Journal
of Forestry, vol. 54, pp. 9-19.
6 Pawson, S.M. and others. New Zealand’s exotic plantation forests as habitats for threatened indigenous
species. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, vol. 34, pp. 342-355.
7 Turner, J A; and others. Non-timber values from planted forests: recreation in Whakarewarewa Forest.
New Zealand Journal of Forestry, vol. 55, pp. 24-31, available from
8 See .
Sustainable plantation management through certification
1 Wright and Carlton, 2007
2 Muhtaman and Prasetyo, 2004
List of sources
- Asia Pulp and Paper (2011). Asia Pulp and Paper 2008-2009 Sustainability Report. Asia Pulp and
Paper, Singapore.
- Asia Pulp and Paper (2011). Asia Pulp and Paper 2006-2007 Sustainability Report. Asia Pulp and
Paper, Singapore.
- Forest Stewardship Council (2010). FSC and LEI announce collaboration to advance responsible forest
management in Indonesia June 2010. Available from poi
nter]=22&cHash=df795cd174170fa8946f762566a12a7d.
- Lembaga Ekolabel Indonesia 201. Forest Management Units Certified under LEI. Available from http://
- International Tropical Timber Organisation (1993). ITTO guidelines for the establishment and
sustainable management of planted tropical forests. ITTO Policy Development 4, Yokohama, Japan.
- Muhtaman Dwi Rahmad and Ferdinandus Agung Prasetyo (2004). Forest Certification in Indonesia
Paper to LEI – The Indonesian Ecolabelling Institute, Bogor. Available from
viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.110.5652&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
- Wright, Tom and Tim Carlton (2007). FSC’s ‘green’ label for wood products gets growing pains.
30 October 2010. Available from
html?mod=todays_us_marketplace.
Promoting legal timber trade for sustainable forest management
1 In bilateral cooperation, forestry as part of the environment sector has had a high priority in the
following countries: Albania, Bolivia, Cameroon, Colombia, Ghana, Guatemala, Indonesia, Cape Verde,
Mali, Mongolia, Pakistan, Rwanda (Great Lakes Region), Senegal, Sri Lanka, Suriname and Viet Nam.
2 Countries include Benin, Ethiopia, Mali, Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda, Afghanistan, Burundi, Yemen,
Palestian Territories, Sudan, Bangladesh, Ghana and Kenya. Vietnam, Colombia and South Africa are
considered as so-called Transition countries.
3 TBI is an international non-governmental organization based in the Netherlands. TBI’s mission is
to improve tropical forest governance and management for the benefit of people, conservation and
sustainable development. TBI currently operates programmes in Colombia, Cameroon, DRC, Ghana,
Indonesia, Suriname and Viet Nam and it also participates in projects in Guyana and Bolivia (www.
.
4 Artisanal millers are trained and organized chainsaw millers who use more efficient equipment, such as
Logosol or Wood-Mizer.
Lithuania’s sustainable forests
Further reading
- Law on Forests of the Republic of Lithuania (legal act, 1994)
- Lithuanian Forestry Policy and its Implementation Strategy (legal act, 2002)
- Lithuanian Statistical Yearbook of Forestry (Publication of State Forest Service, 2010)
- Lithuanian State Forests (Publication of Directorate General of State Forests, 2010)
- Forest Owners’ Association of Lithuania (Publication of Lithuanian Forest Owner Association (LFOA), 2010)
Sustainable forest management in Slovakia
Further reading
- Moravčík, M., J. Novotný, and P. Toma (eds.) (2007). National Forest Programme of the Slovak
Republic (in Slovak).
- Greguška, B. (2010). Slovak Republic – National Report to the Ninth Session of the United Nations
Forum on Forests. See .
- Carpathian Convention. See
Empowering local communities in forest ecotourism
1 With contributions by M.S. Mohd Ihsan, Research Officer, Merdeka Center for Opinion Research,
Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor Malaysia, M.S Farah, Lecturer, Faculty of Muamalah, Islamic University
College Selangor, Bandar Mahkota, Selangor Malaysia and M.N. Mohd Iqbal, Graduate Research
Assistant, Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor Malaysia. as well
as information from Mohd Azaline O, Communication Officer of KOPEL and Universiti Putra Malaysia
for providing the research grant and financing of this publication.
2 Adams, W.M. and others (2004). Biodiversity conservation and the eradication of poverty.Science, vol.
306, No. 5699, pp. 1146-1149.
3 Gunderson, L. H. and C. S. Holling (2002).Panarchy: understanding transformations in human and natural
systems. Washington D.C.: Island Press.
4 Ostrom, E. and others (1999). Revisiting the commons: local lessons, global challenges. Science , vol.
284, pp. 278-282.
Learning from community-based forest management in Nepal
1 MoFSC, 2009
2 HMGN/MoFSC, 2002
3 DFRS, 1999
4 Acharya et al., 2009
5 Bartlett and Malla, 1992; World Bank 1978 cited by Griffin, 1988
6 Acharya et al., 2006; Chapagain and Banjade, 2009; Poudel, 2010; Shrestha et al., 2010
7 ICIMOD, 2011
8 Phelps, Webb and Agrawal, 2010
List of sources
- Acharya, K.P. and others (2006). Participatory assessment of biodiversity conservation in community
forestry in Nepal. Banko Janakari, vol.16, No.1, pp. 46-56.
- Acharya, K. P., R.B.Dangi and P.Shearman (2009). Understanding forest degradation in Nepal. Ready
for REDD? Taking stock of experience, opportunities and challenges in Nepal. Acharya, Krishna P. et al.
(eds.). Nepal Foresters’ Association, Kathmandu, Nepal.
- Adhikari, B. (2005). Poverty, property rights and collective action: understanding the distributive
aspects of common property resource management.Environment and Development Economics, vol. 10,
No. 1, pp. 7-31.
- Agrawal, A. (2010). Drivers of tradeoffs and synergies of forest commons: carbon, community and
livelihoods. Presentation at Asia Regional Dialogues on Community Forests, Property Rights and
Climate Change. Rights and Resources Initiatives (RRI), Kathmandu, August11-12. Available from
- Baral, S., H.Vacik, W.Sekot (2009). Does community forestry contribute to poverty reduction? Evidence
from Nepal. Biophysical and socioeconomic frame conditions for the sustainable management of
natural resources. Poster presented at Tropentag, October 6-8, Hamburg, Germany. Available from