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and saltwater populations under controlled conditions, in contrast with commercial fishing,

which is the harvesting of wild fish.

4. Secretariat of the Pacific Community consultation on Tilapia, Tilapia Farming in Samoa,

Conference Presentation

5. S. White, S. Dutta, Influence of ENSO on Hydropower Production in Samoa, USQ, 2012

6. WeatherMan is a software module included as part of the DSSAT (Decision Support

System for Agrotechnology Transfer) package. The software analyses the statistical behaviour

of short period daily rainfall data to disaggregate longer term monthly data into daily form

with the same statistical properties.

7. IHACRES is a software package developed by eWater CRC for estimating streamflow

patterns from rainfall. It is downloadable free of charge (upon registration) from the eWater

CRC website:

http://www.ewater.com.au/

8. Y. Abawi, Developing Climate Resilient Systems in the Asia Pacific Region, Hydropower

Presentation

9. Y. Abawi, PICPP Mission Report, November 2007

10. A. Amjadali, COMP Mission Report, July 2012

11. As of July 2012 the pilot projects conducted under the PI-CPP became integrated into

the Climate and Oceans Monitoring and Prediction (COMP) of the broader Climate and

Ocean Support Programme in the Pacific (COSPPac).

12. The pilot projects have been renamed the climate application projects under COSPPac in

order to more accurately reflect the purpose and goal of these projects.

The Low Carbon Growth Plan for Australia: providing climate services to businesses

1. ClimateWorks Australia, Low Carbon Growth Plan for Australia: Impact of the carbon

price package (2011), p.3. This update to the Low Carbon Growth Plan for Australia (2010)

takes account of an increase in Australia’s 2020 emissions forecast under business-as-usual.

VI. Transport and Infrastructure

Building resilience to future climate change in ports: Terminal Marítimo Muelles el

Bosque in Colombia

1. US Climate Change Science Program (USCCSP). 2008. Impacts of climate change and

variability on transportation systems and infrastructure: Gulf coast study. Phase 1 synthesis

and assessment product 4.7. Washington DC, 445p

Becker, A., Inoue, S., Fischer, M., and Schwegler, B. 2011. ‘Climate change impacts

on international seaports: knowledge, perceptions, and planning efforts among port

administrators’. Climate Change. 110: 1-2. 5-29pp. doi: 10.1007/s10584-011-0043-7.

2. Roston, E. 2012. Top 20 cities with billions at risk from climate change.

Bloomberg.com

.

July 5, 2012. Available at

http://www.bloomberg.com/slideshow/2012-07-06/top-20-cities-

with-billions-at-risk-from-climate-change.html (accessed August 20, 2012).

3. Stenek, V., Amado, J.-C., Connell, R., Palin, O., Wright, S., Pope, B., Hunter, J.,

McGregor, J., Morgan, W., Stanley, B., Washington, R., Liverman, D., Sherwin, H., Kapelus,

P., Andrade, C., and Pabón, J. D. 2011. Climate Risk and Business: Ports. Terminal

Marítimo Muelles el Bosque Cartagena, Colombia. International Financial Corporation,

Washington DC.

About the author

Jean-Christophe Amado is a specialist Risk Manager at Acclimatise. Acclimatise is a global

leader in climate change risk assessment and management. Our team works closely with

multilateral development banks, governments and corporate organizations to assess climate

change vulnerability and risk, and provide advice on adaptation measures at the strategic,

operational and project levels. We have developed and successfully communicated solutions

to deal with current and future climate change impacts to a wide array of stakeholders.

Acknowledgements

In this study, Acclimatise (UK) worked with WorleyParsons (UK), University of Oxford

(UK), Synergy (UK), EXOCOL (Colombia), and Universidad Nacional de Colombia. The full

study results are freely available on this page:

www.ifc.org/climaterisks

Exploiting the changing global climate

1.

www.weathernews.com/gic

VII. Ecosystems

Adaptation to climate change in the mountain forest ecosystems of Armenia

1. This conclusion comes from the first comprehensive vulnerability and adaptation

assessment undertaken for Armenia according to its Initial National Communication (FNC)

to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Yerevan, 1998), an

initiative supported by UNDP-GEF. The Second National Communication (Yerevan, 2010)

further confirmed the need to focus on forest areas where there is a likelihood of significant

impact of climate change, including variability.

2. National Forest Policy and Strategy of the Republic of Armenia (2004).

3. National Forest Programme of the Republic of Armenia (2004).

4. Forest Code of the Republic of Armenia (2005).

5. Hovsepyan, A. and others (2011). Climate Change over the South Caucasus Based on

Regional Climate Model Simulations’, Proceedings of the International Conference on

Computer Science and Information Technologies (CSIT’11). Yerevan, Armenia.

6. Adaptation to Climate Change Impacts in Mountain Forest Ecosystems of Armenia,

Project Document (2008). UNDP, Armenia.

7. Study of the conditions of Syunik Marz forests related to climate change (2010). Report,

Executive summary, UNDP Armenia. Available through the Climate Change Information

Centre (Ministry of Nature Protection) at

www.nature-ic.am.

8. A.Hovsepyan (2012) Current status of the observational network and climate data

in Armenia. In Brunet, M. and A. Hovsepyan (eds). Proceedings of the Second WMO/

MEDARE International Workshop: Addressing climate data sources and key records for

the Mediterranean Basin in support of an enhanced detection, prediction and adaptation to

climate change and its impacts.

9. Nesterov, V. (1949). Forest Fires and Methods of Fire Risk Determination (Russian

language). Moscow: Goslesbumizdat.

10. Frich P. et al (2002). Observed coherent changes in climatic extremes during the second

half of the twentieth century. Clim. Res., 19, 193-212

11. Sustainable Tourism in Forest Areas under Climate Change Conditions (2010). UNDP,

Armenia.

12. Available from RClimDex at

http://cccma.seos.uvic.ca/ETCCDMI/software.shtml

;

MAGICC/SCENGEN:

http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/wigley/magicc.

Better localised CO

2

measurement as a component of accurate climate forecasting

Acknowledgements

The CO

2

sonde and FES-C were supported by JST. The peat and forest fires measurement

campaign in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, was performed as part of an MRV feasibility

study for a peat forests restoration project by the Sumitomo Corp. Environmental Solution

Business Dept. and METI, which used bilateral credit in Central Kalimantan.

VIII. Urban Issues

When worlds collide: urbanization, climate change and disasters

1. United Nations, 2012, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, Volume I,

Comprehensive Tables (United Nations publication, ST/ESA/SER.A/313) and Volume II:

Demographic Profiles. (United Nations publication, ST/ESA/SER.A/317), United nations,

New York, USA

2. Honda, J.Y., Kundzewicz, Z.W., Arnell, N., Benito, G., Hatfield, J., Mohamed I.F,.

Peduzzi, P, Wu S., Sherstyukov, B., Takahashi, K., and Yan, Z., 2012: ‘Changes in impacts

of climate extremes: human systems and ecosystems’. In: Managing the Risks of Extreme

Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, A SpecialReport of Working

Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge

University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, pp. 231-290.

3. IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups

I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change [Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A.(eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva,

Switzerland, 104 pp

Schipper, L. 2008. ‘Reducing societal vulnerability to climate change’. Asian Disaster

Management News, Volume 14, Issue 1, pp. 7-8, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center.

UN Habitat, 2011, Cities and Climate Change, United Nations human Settlements

Programme, United Nations, New York. 279p.

4. Clark, A. L., 2008, ‘Climate Change and Climate Variability: An Urban Risk Multiplier in

The Urban Transformation in Asia’: Urban Adaptation to Climate Change, An Integrated

Approach, East-West Center Urban Seminars Series, Honolulu, Hawaii, 21p

5. Satterthwaite, D., Huq, S., Pelling, M., Reid, H.,and Romero-Lanko, P., 2007, Building

Climate Change Resilience in Urban A and Among Urban Populations in Low- and Middle-

Income Nations, Center for Sustainable Urban Development, International Institute for

Environment and Development, London, England 118p.

6. Katich, Kristina, 2009, Urban Climate Resilience: A global Assessment of City Adaptation

Plans, Master’s Thesis for Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts

Institute of Technology, 86p

Schenk, Todd, 2010, Adaptation Planning in Boston: Lessons Learned from New York,

London, Toronto, and Beyond, MIT-USGS Science Impact Collaborative, Massachusetts

Institute of Technology, 25p

7. United Nation Population Fund, 2007, State of the World Population in 2007:

Unleashing the Potential of Urban Growth, United Nations Population Fund, New York.

108p

Further reading

Garnaught, Ross, 2008, The The Garnaut Climate Change Review: Final Report, Cambridge

university press, Port Melbourne, Australia. 617p

GNS Science, SOPAC, Pacific Disaster Center, Developing a Pacific Exposure Database (ADB

TA 6496-RE), New Zealand Institute of Geological and Nuclear Science Ltd., Lower Hutt,

New Zealand, 2011.

Palutikof, Paul van der Linden and Clair Hanson (editors) Climate Change 2007: Impacts,

Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment

Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge and New York, pp. 357-39

Wilbanks, Tom and Patricia Romero Lankao with Manzhu Bao, Frans Berkhout, Sandy

Cairncross, Jean-Paul Ceron, Manmohan Kapshe, Robert Muir-Wood and Ricardo Zapata-

Marti (2007), ‘Chapter 7: Industry, Settlement and Society’, in Parry, Martin, Osvaldo

Canziani, Jean

Climate services in Hong Kong: accomplishment through partnership and outreach

1. Chan, Paul K.S., H.Y. Mok, T.C. Lee, Ida M.T. Chu, W.Y. Lam and Joseph J.Y. Sung,

2009: ‘Seasonal Influenza Activity in Hong Kong and its Association With Meteorological

Variation’, Journal of Medical Virology 81:1797–1806.

2. Wong, M. C., H. Y. Mok, H. M. Ma, M. W. Lee and M. Y. Fok, 2011: ‘A climate model for

predicting the abundance of Aedes mosquitoes in Hong Kong’, Meteorological Applications

Vol. 18, pp 105–110, March 2011, doi:10.1002/met.218.

3. Mok, H.Y. and B. Leung, 2009: ‘The impact of cold and hot weather on senior citizens in

Hong Kong’, Hong Kong Meteorological Society Bulletin, 19, 9-29.

Notes and References