Elements for Life

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9. Dabberdt, W.F. et al., 2005a. ‘The Helsinki mesoscale testbed: an invitation to use a new
3-D observation network’, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86(7), 906-907.
10. Dabberdt, W.F. et al., 2005b. ‘Multifunctional mesoscale observation networks’, Bull.
Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86(7) , 961-982.
Energy
Weather, climate and water information and the energy sector
1. GEOSS 10-Year Implementation Plan Reference Document.
2. Key World Energy Statistics, 2006. International Energy Agency.
3. World Energy Outlook, 2004. International Energy Agency.
4. IPCC Third Assessment Report, 2001.
5. Thomas J. Teisberg, Rodney F. Weiher, and Alireza Khotanzad: ‘The economic value of
temperature forecasts in electricity generation’, Bulletin of the American Meteorological
Society, December 2005
6. World Energy Outlook, 2004, op. cit.
7. United Nations, 2000: United Nations Millennium Declaration, General Assembly Resolution
A/Res/55/2, 18 September 2000.
Effect of climate change on glaciers and hydropower in Iceland
1. Bergström, S., Jóhannesson, T., Aðalgeirsdóttir, G., Ahlstrøm, A., Andreassen, L. M.,
Andréasson, J., Beldring, S., Björnsson, H., Carlsson, B., Crochet, P., de Woul, M.,
Einarsson, B., Elvehøy, H., Flowers, G. E., Graham, P., Gröndal, G. O., Guðmundsson,
S., Hellström, S-S., Hock, R., Holmlund, P., Jónsdóttir, J. F., Pálsson, F., Radic, V., Roald,
L. A., Rosberg, J., Rogozova, S., Sigurðsson, O., Suomalainen, M., Thorsteinsson, Th.,
Vehviläinen, B., and Veijalainen, N. 2007. Impacts of climate change on river runoff,
glaciers and hydropower in the Nordic area. Joint final report from the CE Hydrological
Models and Snow and Ice Groups. SMHI Report. Fenger, J. (editor) 2007. Impacts of
Climate Change on Renewable Energy Sources - Their Role in the Nordic Energy System.
Copenhagen, Nordic Council of Ministers.
Transportation
WMO and ICAO: working together for international air navigation
1. The author gratefully acknowledges the contribution of the WMO Secretariat in producing
this article, which is based on a previously published piece: ‘WMO and ICAO work
together for international air navigation’, WMO Bulletin 55:2, April 2006.
2. See ‘Working arrangements between the WMO and ICAO’, (ICAO Doc 7475 and
WMO-No. 60).
3. Annex 3 – ‘Meteorological service for international air navigation to the Convention on
International Civil Aviation’ is a document maintained by ICAO. Annex 3 is also issued,
mutatis mutandis, by WMO as Technical Regulations [C.3.1], i.e. a document identical
to ICAO Annex 3 except for a few minor details involving terminology that do not alter
the substance of the document.
4. A complete list of ICAO and WMO manuals and guides is available from the ICAO and
WMO Web sites at www.icao.int and www.wmo.int, respectively.
5. WMO-No. 306, Volume I.1, Part A.
Applications of weather and climate information in road transportation:
examples from Canada
1. Transport Canada, 2003. Transportation in Canada 2003 Annual Report. TP13198E.
Transport Canada, Ottawa, ON.
2. Transport Canada, 2000. Canadian Vehicle Survey.
3. Transport Canada 2003, op.cit.
4. Andrey, J. and B. Mills. ‘Climate change and the Canadian transportation system:
vulnerabilities and adaptations’, chapter 9 in J. Andrey and C. Knapper (eds) Weather
and Transportation in Canada, Department of Geography Publication Series, No. 55.
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada. 2003. pp.235-279.
Andrey, J. and B. Mills. ‘Transportation’, Chapter 8 in D.S. Lemmen and F.J. Warren
(eds) Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation: A Canadian Perspective. Government of
Canada, Ottawa. 2004. pp. 131-149.
5. Crevier, L-P. and Y. Delage. METRo: A New Model for Road-Condition Forecasting in
Canada, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 40(11):2026-2047. 2000.
6. Environment Canada and Health Canada 2001. Priority Substances List Assessment Report
– Road Salts. Prepared under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999.
Accessed June 2002.
7. Jones, B. ‘The cost of safety and mobility in Canada: winter road maintenance’, chapter
5 in J. Andrey and C.K. Knapper (eds) Weather and Road Transportation, Department of
Geography Publication Series, Monograph 55. University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
2003. pp. 121-142.
8. Morin, D. and M. Perchanok. ‘Road salt use in Canada’, chapter 6 in J. Andrey and C.K.
Knapper (eds) Weather and Road Transportation, Department of Geography Publication
Series, Monograph 55. University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada. 2003. pp. 143-160.
9. Suggett, J., A. Hadayeghi, J. Andrey, B. Mills, and G. Leach. ‘Development of winter
severity indicator models for Canadian winter road maintenance’, 86th Annual Meeting
Preprint CD-ROM, proceedings of the Transportation Research Board annual meeting,
January, 2007, Washington, D.C.
10. Haas, R. Pavement Design and Management Guide. Transportation Association of Canada,
Ottawa, ON. (ed.) 1997.
11. Clayton, A., J. Montufar, and R. McGregor. Using Intelligent Transportation Systems to
Adapt to Potential Climate Change Impacts on Seasonal Truck Weight Limits. Report
prepared for the Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Program, Natural Resources
Canada. Transportation Information Group, University of Manitoba, and EBA
Engineering Consultants Ltd., Winnipeg, MB. 2006. 60pp; Huen, K., S. Tighe, B. Mills,
and C. Haas. Using Road Weather Information Systems (RWIS) to Control Load Restrictions
on Gravel and Surface Treated Highways: Phase I Final Report. Prepared for the Highway
Infrastructure Innovation Funding Program, Engineering Standards Branch, Ontario
Ministry of Transportation. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Waterloo,
Waterloo, ON. 2006. 63pp.
12 Mills, B., S. Tighe, J. Andrey, K. Huen and S. Parm. Climate change and the performance of
pavement infrastructure in southern Canada: Context and case study. CD Proceedings of the
EIC Climate Change Technology Conference, Engineering Institute of Canada, Ottawa,
May 10-12, 2006. ISBN 1-4244-0218-2.
For a review of the potential implications of climate change for many other forms of
infrastructure, see: Auld, H. and MacIver, D. ‘Cities and Communities: The Changing
Climate and Increasing Vulnerability and Infrastructure’, in A. Fenech, D. MacIver, H.
Auld, R. Bing Rong, and Y. Yin (Eds.) Climate Change: Building the Adaptive Capacity,
Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 2004.
pp. 289-305; Auld, H., D. MacIver, and J. Klaassen.. Adaptation options for infrastructure
under changing climate conditions. CD Proceedings of the EIC Climate Change Technology
Conference, Engineering Institute of Canada, Ottawa, May 10-12, 2006. ISBN 1-4244-0218-
2; Auld, H., J. Klaassen, and N. Comer. Weathering of building infrastructure and the
changing climate: Adaptation options. CD Proceedings of the EIC Climate Change
Technology Conference, Engineering Institute of Canada, Ottawa, May 10-12, 2006.
ISBN 1-4244-0218-2.
13. Ipsos-Reid Corporation. Public Views on Weather Warnings. Final report submitted to
Environment Canada, May 2001. 27pp.
14. Transport Canada 2001. Transportation in Canada 2001 Annual Report. TP13198E.
Transport Canada, Ottawa, ON.
15. Andrey, J, B. Mills, D. Unrau, M. Christie and S. Michaels. Toward a National Assessment
of the Travel Risks Associated with Inclement Weather, ICLR Paper Series, Institute for
Catastrophic Loss Reduction, London, Ontario. 2005. 35 pp.
16. Ibid.
17. Andrey, J. and B. Mills. ‘Climate change and the Canadian transportation system:
vulnerabilities and adaptations’ 2003. Op. Cit.
The economic value of snowstorm forecasts in winter road-maintenance decisions
1. Bramshill Consultancy (1995). Study on improved methods for quantifying the benefits of ESA
programmes. Basingstoke, United Kingdom, Bramshill Consultancy Limited, Final Report
(ESA 10699/93/F/HEW): 56 pp; Liljas, E., and Murphy, A.H. (1996). On the economic
value of snowstorm forecasts in winter road-maintenance decisions in Sweden. Eight Standing
Road Weather Conference, Birmingham, United Kingdom
2. Bramshill, op. cit.
3. Murphy, A.H. (1994). ‘Assessing the economic value of weather forecasts: an overview of
methods, results, and issues’. Meteorological Applications, 1: 69-73
4. Bramshill, op. cit.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
Construction
Sustainable, energy-efficient building: the BCIL approach
Chandrashekar Hariharan is the CEO of BCIL. An economist with a doctorate in wave theory,
he moved from development work to focus for the past 17 years on alternative enterprise.
Working mainly in India, he has also partnered sustainability programmes with the Manila-
based Asian Development Bank and organizations in France.
III
NATURAL & HUMAN-INDUCED DISASTERS
Using what we know about disasters – for safer lives and livelihoods
1. According to preliminary figures of the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters
of the University of Louvain (CRED), Brussels, 29 January 2007,
2. Munich Re Press Release, 28 December 2006. Munich Re has
a different set of criteria to estimate losses and categories of disasters to those of CRED.
3. Report of the Secretary-General on the Implementation of the International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction, A/61/229, 8 August 2006. Paragraph 1.
4. This common expression is recognized as being imprecise in describing disaster events for
the reasons cited. It is used here only to make the initial distinction from other types of
disasters resulting from more deliberate human intervention such as violence, civil conflict,
terrorism and similar war-like conditions associated with matters of state security, subjects
which are not addressed by this article. In many instances, the use of natural hazards can
easily replace that of “natural” disasters, which in addition to being imprecise and incorrect
is also misleading as it implies that if they are “natural”, they must be unavoidable or “acts
of God”. In order to be more precise, the longer term of ‘disasters caused by vulnerability
to natural hazards’ should be used or at the minimum that of ‘disasters triggered by natural
hazards’ and in extremis the use of quotes on “natural “ disasters
5. The Global Survey of Early Warning Systems, United Nations, September 2006. Presented to
the UN General Assembly, 61st session, Second Committee, Agenda item 53(c) under
A/C.2/61/CRP.1 of 3 October 2006.
6. Professor Peter Höppe, Head of Munich Re’s Geo Risks Research, Munich Re, Press Release,
28 December 2006.
7. Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change, Nicholas Stern, HM Treasury, London,
October, 2006.
8. The full text of the Hyogo Framework, as well as the Final Report of the WCDR can be
seen at
9. Many examples can be found in the ISDR publication, Living with Risk: A global review of
disaster reduction initiatives. (United Nations, 2004). Additional examples can also be found
in Know Risk, (United Nations, 2004) published through a private-public partnership
between the ISDR secretariat and Tudor Rose Publishers for the World Conference on
Disaster Reduction, and a later volume, Real Risk (Tudor Rose, 2006). The recent guide
“Words into Action” also provides practical examples and recommendations for the
implementation of the Hyogo Framework (see
into-action-consultation-draft.pdf).
Learning new methodologies to deal with large disasters: Near space monitoring of
thermal signals associated with large earthquakes
1. Carreno E, R.Capote, A.Yague et al., ‘Observations of thermal anomaly associated to
seismic activity from remote sensing’, General Assembly of European Seismology
Commission, Portugal, 265-269, 2001; Fizzola C., N.Pergola, C.Pietrapertosa and
V.Tramutoli, ‘Robust satellite techniques for seismically active area monitoring: a
sensitivity analysis on September 7, 1999 Athens’s earthquake’. Phys. Chem. Earth,
Vol.29, pp.517-527, 2004
2. Tronin A. A., Molchanov O.A., Biagi P.F. ‘Thermal anomalies and well observations in
Kamchatka’. International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 25, No. 13, 2649-2655, 2004;
Tramutoli, V., Cuomo V, Filizzola C., Pergola N., Pietrapertosa, C.: ‘Assessing the
potential of thermal infrared satellite surveys for monitoring seismically active areas. The
case of Kocaeli ( zmit) earthquake, August 17th, 1999’, Remote Sensing of Environment,
96(3-4), 409-426, 2005
3. Pulinets et al, 2006
4. Singh and Ouzounov, 2003
5. Ouzounov, D., and F. Freund, Mid-infrared emission prior to strong earthquakes