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Overcoming global issues of tackling a potential influenza pandemic
1. Evaluating the Economic Consequences of Avian Influenza:
ics_2008.pdf)
2. Fourth UN-World Bank Global Progress Report on Responses to Highly Pathogenic
Avian Influenza and the State of Pandemic Influenza Readiness:
3. UN Consolidated Action Plan on Avian and Human Influenza:
%20UNCAPAHI%20REVIEW%202007%20FINAL2.pdf
4. Contributing to One World, One Health – A Strategic Framework for Reducing Risks
of Infectious Diseases at the Animal–Human–Ecosystems Interface:
Limiting the impact of pandemic influenza through community-level actions
1. WHO. Responding to the avian influenza pandemic threat. Recommended strategic
action. Accessed via
/WHO_CDS_CSR_GIP_2005_8/en/index.html, on 26 September 2008.
2. World Organization for Animal Health. Avian Influenza: Facts and figures.
Accessed via: , on 26
September 2008.
3. WHO. Cumulative Number of Confirmed Human Cases of Avian Influenza
A/(H5N1) Reported to WHO. Accessed
via
/cases_table_2008_09_10/en/index.html, on 26 September 2008.
4. Pandemicflu.gov: Pandemics and Pandemic Threats Since 1900:
5. Murray C, et al. ‘Estimation of potential global pandemic influenza mortality on
the basis of vital registry data from the 1918-29 pandemic: a quantitative
analysis’. Lancet 2006; 368: 2211-18.
Influenza: how to blunt the Damocletian sword
1. Taken in part from: Osterhaus, A.D, and Poland G.A., ‘Vaccines against seasonal
and avian influenza: recent advances’, Vaccine, 12 Sep 2008; 26 Suppl 4:D1-2.
Cell culture (Vero) derived pandemic influenza vaccines
1. Wright PF, ‘Vaccine Preparedness – Are we ready for the next influenza
pandemic?’
N. Engl. J. Med . 358, 2540-2543 (2008).
2. Vidor E, Meschievitz C, Plotkin S, ‘Fifteen years of experience with Vero-
produced enhanced potency inactivated poliovirus vaccine’, Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.
16, 312-322 (1997).
3. Nicolson C, Major D, Wood JM et al, ‘Generation of influenza vaccine viruses on
Vero cells by reverse genetics: an H5N1 candidate vaccine strain produced under
a quality system’, Vaccine 23, 2943-2952 (2005).
4. Howard MK, Kistner O, Barrett PN, ‘Pre-clinical development of cell culture
(Vero)-derived H5N1 pandemic vaccines’, Biol. Chem . 389, 569-577 (2008).
5. Kistner O, Howard K, Spruth M et al, ‘Cell culture (Vero) derived whole-virus
(H5N1) vaccine based on wild-type virus strain induces cross-protective immune
responses’, Vaccine 25, 6028-6036 (2007).
6. Ehrlich HJ, Müller M, Oh HML et al, ‘A cell culture (Vero) derived whole virus
H5N1 vaccine is safe and induces antibody responses: results of a phase I/II
randomized controlled clinical trial’, New. Engl. J. Med. 358, 2573-2584 (2008).
Thwarting the secondary enemy
1. Borger J, ‘Climate Change disaster is upon us, warns UN’, The Guardian, 5 Oct
2007.
2. John T. Watson, Michelle Gayer, and Maire A. Connolly, Epidemics after Natural
Disasters,
3. Lateef F, The Lure of Pakistan: A Humanitarian Relief Experience in Muzaffarabad.
4. WHO and Ministry of Health Pakistan, Weekly Mobility and Morbidity Report,
epidemiological week number 46 (12-18 November), 1 December 2005, Vol. 1,
No. DEWS-1.
Additional material: Interview with Dr Iskandar Idris, Mercy Relief Medical Team
Leader (Aceh, Muzaffarabad and Afghanistan)
European Medicines Agency: influenza pandemic preparedness
1. This section was reproduced from the EMEA website:
2. Most of this section reproduced from the Influenza fact sheet, WHO:
3. Commission Working paper on Community Influenza preparedness and
Response Planning (26 March 2004):
Influenza/com_2004_201_en.pdf
4.
5.
6.
Pandemic preparedness in South Eastern Europe
1. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Moldova, Montenegro,
Romania, Serbia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.
2.
Influenza/Assessment_tool.aspx
3. The WHO Regional Office would like to express its appreciation to the local
coordinators of the communicable disease project of the SEE HN for their efforts
related to the SEE assessment visits and for good collaboration with WHO
throughout the project. A special thank you goes to Dr Silvia Bino who is a
dedicated regional coordinator for the project.
Responding to the spread of avian influenza H5N1: a wildlife conservation
perspective
1. Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy (2007) Avian Influenza (Bird Flu):
Agricultural and Wildlife Considerations
2. Hinshaw, V.S. and Webster, R.G. (1982) ‘The natural history of influenza A
viruses’, Basic and applied influenza research, Beare, A.S. (ed.). CRC Press, Boca
Raton, Florida. pp. 79-104. Webster, R.G., Bean, W.J., Gorman, O.T., Chambers,
T.M. and Kawaoka, Y. (1992) ‘Evolution and ecology of Influenza A viruses’,
Microbiological Reviews 56 (1), pp. 152-179.
Stallknecht, D.E. and Brown, J.D. (2007) ‘Wild birds and the epidemiology of
avian influenza’, Journal of Wildlife Diseases 43(3) Supplement: s15-20.
3. Rohm, C., Zhou, N., Suss, J., Mackenzie, J. and Webster, R.G. (1996)
‘Characterization of a novel influenza hemagglutinin, H15: criteria for
determination of influenza A subtypes’, Virology 217, pp. 508-516.
Fouchier, R.A.M., Munster, V., Wallensten, A., Bestebroer, T.M., Herfst, S., Smith,
D, Rimmelzwaan, G.F., Olsen, B. and Osterhaus, D.M.E. (2005)
‘Characterization of a novel influenza A virus hemagglutinin subtype (H16)
obtained from Black-headed Gulls’, Journal of Virology 79, pp. 2814-2822.
4. Senne, D.A., Panigrahy, B., Kawaoka, Y., Pearson, J.E., Suss, J., Lipkind, M., Kida, H.
and Webster, R.G. (1996) ‘Survey of the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site sequence
of H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses: amino acid sequence at the HA cleavage site
as a marker of pathogenicity potential’, Avian Diseases 40(2) pp. 425-437.
5. Diouf, J. (2005) Address on Avian Influenza to 33rd FAO Conference,
6. Hulse-Post, D.J., Sturm-Ramirez, K.M., Humberd, J., Seiler, P., Govorkova, E.A.,
Krauss, S., Scholtissek, C., Puthavathana, P., Buranathai, C., Nguyen, T.D., Long,
H.T., Naipospos, T.S.P., Chen, H., Ellis, T.M., Guan, Y., Peiris, J.S.M. & Webster,
R.G. (2005) ‘Role of domestic ducks in the propagation and biological evolution
of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses in Asia’, Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 102: 10682-10687,
Sims, L.D. (2007) ‘Lessons learned from Asian H5N1 outbreak control’, Avian
Diseases 50, pp. 174-181.
7. Shortridge, K.F. and Melville, D.S. (2006) ‘Domestic poultry and migratory birds
in the interspecies transmission of avian influenza viruses: a view from Hong
Kong’, Waterbirds around the world, eds. G.C. Boere, C.A. Galbraith and D.A.
Stroud, The Stationery Office, Edinburgh, UK. pp 427-431.
8. Gilbert, M., Chaitaweesub, P., Parakamawongsa, T., Premashthira, S., Tiensin, T.,
Kalpravidh, W., Wagner, H. and Slingenbergh, J. (2006) ‘Free-grazing ducks and
highly pathogenic avian influenza, Thailand’, Emerging Infectious Diseases 12(2),
pp. 227-234.
Songserm, T., Jam-on, R., Sae-Heng, N., Meemak, N., Hulse-Post, D.J., Sturm-
Ramirez, K.M., & Webster, R.J. (2006) ‘Domestic ducks and H5N1 Influenza
Epidemic, Thailand’, Emerging Infectious Diseases 12(4) pp. 575-581.
9. Feare, C.J. and Yasué, M. (2006) ‘Asymptomatic infection with highly pathogenic
avian influenza H5N1 in wild birds: how sound is the evidence?’, Virology
Journal. 3.96. doi:10.1186/1742-422X_3_96.
10. Ibid
11. Chen, H., Smith, G.J.D., Zhang, S.Y., Oin, K., Wang, J., Li. K.S., Webster, R.G.,
Peiris, J.S.M. and Guan, Y. (2005) ‘H5N1 virus outbreak in migratory waterfowl’,
Nature Online,
Notes & References