Risk Returns

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Cyclone hazard and unpredictability: preparing coastal communities
1 A tropical revolving storm occurring in the Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea or BoB is termed
a cyclone. A similar storm in the West Indies or off the American seaboard is termed a
hurricane and in the Western Pacific, a typhoon. The World Meteorological Organization
(WMO, 1976) uses the term ‘tropical cyclone’ to cover weather systems in which winds
exceed ‘gale force’ (minimum of 34 knots or 63 kilometres per hour).
2 In Maldives, no cyclonic events are on record. So far only one local storm has been
recorded. For other countries, local storms are not considered.
3 Yadava, Y. S., Turner, J.M., Calvert, P. (2000). Report of the Government of India/
Government of Andhra Pradesh/FAO workshop on Measures to Reduce Loss of Life during
Cyclones, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India, 4-6 March 1999, FAO Fisheries Report
No. 622, Rome, FAO, 2000.70p.
4 Source:
Further reading
Aziz Ahmad, H. B., Luqueman, A., Atapattu, A., Chullasorn, S., et al (1998). Regional
stewardship for sustainable marine resources management in the Bay of Bengal. In K. Sherman,
E. Okemwa and M. Ntiba, eds. Large Marine Ecosystems of the Indian Ocean: Assessment,
Sustainability, and Management , Blackwell Science. ISBN: 0632043180.
Reducing vulnerabilities and enhancing resilience in Nigeria
1 Wikipedia, 2010.
An integrated approach to disaster mitigation at Nyachilenda River
1 Department of Agriculture. 19th Fortnightly Crop Report, 2010/2011 Season, Nsanje.
Risk reduction and adaptation: good concepts with great challenges
1 Budi Haryanto. Climate Change and Public Health in Indonesia: Impacts and
Adaptation. In Austral Policy Forum 09-05S (Nautilus Institute Australia at RMIT
University, Melbourne, 2009).
Good practices in multi-hazard early warning systems
Further reading
- The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, available from .
EM-DAT is the database of Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
- First International Conference on Early Warning (Potsdam, 1998). Available from www.
- Second International Conference on Early Warning (Bonn, 2003). Available from www.ewc2.
org/pg000001.htm.
- Third International Conference on Early Warning (Bonn, 2006). Available from www.
.
- First Experts’ Symposium on Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems (Geneva, 2006).
Available from www.wmo.int/pages/prog/drr/events/ews_symposium_2006.
- Second Experts’ Symposium on Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems (Toulouse, 2009).
Available from www.wmo.int/pages/prog/drr/events/MHEWS-II/index_en.html.
- Global Early Warning Survey (2006)
- Global Assessment Report 2009. Available from
gar/?pid:34&pil:1.
- Golnaraghi, M. (ed) Institutional Partnership in Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems: A
compilation of seven national Good Practices and Synthesis of Lessons Learnt. Forthcoming
publication (2011).
- Golnaraghi, M, J. Douris, and J.B. Migraine. Saving Lives Through Early Warning Systems
and Emergency Preparedness. Risk Wise, Tutor Rose Publishing, pp 137-141
Building resilience to flood and typhoon hazards in Viet Nam
1 Millennium Development Goals 2010 National Report:Viet Nam.
2 In 2010, GDP Growth (constant prices, national currency) for Viet Nam was 6.468 per
cent, making Viet Nam 33rd in world rankings according to GDP growth for that year.
Available from
3 According to the Germanwatch climate risk index, the GDP purchasing power parity (PPP)
in Viet Nam in 2009 was USD257 billion.
4 The country currently ranks 113th out of 169 countries in the Human Development Index
(HDI) in the 2010 Human Development Report.
5 Ibid. Viet Nam has halved its poor, ensured gender equality with even higher targets and
made primary education available to all.
7 World Bank Viet Nam Disaster Risk Profile (2009)
8 UNISDR (2009). Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction, Risk and Poverty
in a Changing Climate. United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction.
9 77 per cent of the population growth in the last decade (2000-2009) occurred in the cities.
10 According to an update of the IPCC’s fourth assessment of 2007. See: Markku
Rummukainen, Jouni Räisänen, Halldór Björnsson, Jens Hesselbjerg Christensen (2010).
Physical Climate Science since IPCC AR4: A brief update on new findings between 2007 and April
2010. Copenhagen: Norden/Nordic Council of Ministers
11 UNISDR.
12 MoNRE has applied global climate change scenarios to the Vietnamese situation, with
support from the United Nations in Viet Nam and other partners. The global scenarios are
taken from the Fourth Assessment by the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC 2007).
13 Characteristics of a Disaster Resilient Community, Guidance Note, Version 2, November
2009, John Twigg.
14 The National Strategy’s main objectives are: the integration of DRM into socio-economic
development plans; ensuring sustainable disaster recovery which integrates DRM;
planning different regional DRM strategies for the five geographical regions of the country;
combining structural and non-structural measures; and dividing responsibilities and timing
for risk reduction among a range of ministries.
15 Excluding funds required by other ministries and provinces to implement disaster risk
reduction action plans.
16 Strategies include the following: In the Red River Delta and the North Central, to ‘radically
prevent floods’; in the Central Coast, the Eastern South and Islands, ‘proactive disaster
prevention and adaptation for development’; in the Mekong River Delta, ‘living with the
floods’; in the mountainous areas and Central Highlands, to ‘proactively prevent natural
disasters’; and in the Sea areas, ‘proactive prevention and response’.
17 Mass organizations such as the Fatherland Front, the Viet Nam Red Cross Society, the Viet
Nam’s Women’s Union and others have an increasingly important role in DRM in the
country.
18 Decision 1002/QD-TTg: Community awareness raising and community-based disaster risk
management (CBDRM), July 2009.
19 Of which, 55 per cent is expected from the State Fund, 5 per cent from residents and 40
per cent in the form of grants from other Governments and international organizations.
20 There are two main components: to strengthen capacity for managing and implementing
CBDRM for local officers at all levels and to carry out CBDRM activities and to improve the
capacity of communities in CBDRM.
21 See for example: Community Based Disaster Risk Management: Good Practice Examples, JANI,
Viet Nam (2007) and also: Building Community Resilience to Disasters in Upland Areas of Viet
Nam, Lessons Learnt in Lao Cai Province and Kon Tum Province , CECI and ACTED, Viet Nam
(2009).
22 The National Strategy for Natural Disaster Prevention, Response and Mitigation to 2020 is
currently the main document underpinning disaster risk reduction policy and strategy.
23 Flood, flash flood, sea level rise, storm, tropical depression, hurricane and land slide
caused by rain, flood, storms and sea waves.
24 The Ordinance on Flood and Storm Prevention and Control 1993-2000, drafted in 1993
and amended and revised 17 years later, is the most comprehensive document on natural
hazard management in the country.
25 In addition to the Ordinance on Flood and Storm Control, DRM policy is addressed in
several additional laws and decrees.
26 Planned as an activity in MARD’s National Strategy.
27 In May 1946, President Ho Chi Minh issued a decree to organize the Central Committee
for Dyke Protection – now the Central Committee for Flood and Storm Control.
28 The CCFSC reports to the Government and is comprised of a number of ministries and
agencies, chaired by the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD).
29 Under the Ordinance on Flood and Storm Control, all 64 provinces and cities of Viet Nam
are tasked with developing their own action plans to implement the National Strategy up
to 2020. As of March 2009, approximately 90 per cent of provinces created and approved
their own action plans for incorporation into the National Action Plan.
30 The World Bank’s 2007-2011 Country Partnership Strategy for Viet Nam also contains
DRR benchmarks.
31 The DMWG consists of a core group that organizes ad-hoc working groups on specific
issues when required. Current members: CARE, UN-PCG, Oxfam, IFRC, NLRC, PDC,
World Vision, Plan International, CECI, ActionAid Viet Nam, ADRA, Habitat for Humanity
and Save the Children.
32 The CCWG consists of a core group and three thematic groups: Climate Change
Adaptation; Climate Change Awareness and Behaviour Change; and Climate Change
Mitigation.
33 UNDP, FAO, UNICEF, WHO, UNWOMEN, UNESCO, UN Habitat, IOM and UNFPA.
34 In December 2006, Viet Nam was selected as the first of eight countries to pilot UN
reform at the country level through the One UN Initiative.
35 Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment (VCA), Manual for Viet Nam Cross Practitioners, Viet
Nam Red Cross (2010).
36 See the Central Committee for Flood and Storm Control website:
KW367A21/Home-page.aspx, and also the ADB-funded DRR Project Portal at www.
37 Disaster risk management programs for priority countries, East Asia And Pacific: Viet Nam , The
World Bank, 2009.
38 Strengthening institutional capacity for disaster risk management in Viet Nam, including climate
change-related disasters, UNDP/MARD, 2009-2011.
39 Supported by the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
40 See
41 See
42 Located in the northern and north-central regions (of which 2,400 km is managed by the
central-DDMFSC).
43 Sea dyke construction plans in the coming years are estimated: to 2015 USD782.25
million and for 2016-2020 USD2,663 million; and for river dykes: to 2015 USD482.8
million, and for 2016-2020 USD482.8 million.
44 Current total estimates are about 7,640ha.
45 Research in Japan has shown that every 100m of mangrove forest can reduce the height
of a tidal wave by up to 50 per cent and its strength by up to 90 per cent. K. Samabuddi
(2005).
46 Jelligos, S.R., Lunde, G., Kawate, H., Dzung, T.V. (2005). Final Evaluation: Vietnam Red
Cross Mangrove and Disaster Preparedness in the Red River Delta and Northern Coastal Vietnam
(1994-2005).The Danish Red Cross.
47 The Government has made efforts to replant mangroves since the 1960s but with varying
success.
48 See 31.
49 The provinces of Quang Ninh, Hai Phong, Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh, Thanh Hoa,
Nghe An and Ha Tinh.
50 This figure is derived by taking the overall VNRC programme budget, annualizing the costs
of each year to the present value (using the average inflation rate 1994-2010 of 7.23 per