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7 Landfill gases contain 50-60 per cent methane, which contributes to
climate change.
8 Highest composting level in Lebanon and Egypt has reached nine per
cent of generated waste.
9 World Bank (2009). First Carbon Finance Agreement on Solid Waste
Composting
10 Project Design Documents form (CDM-PDD) (2006).
11 Challenges and opportunities for SWM in the Mashreq and Maghreb
Region. SWEEP-Net, (2010). Available from
userfiles/files/Regional per cent20report/sweepnet-regional-report-final-
en-2011.pdf.
12 For more detailed facts and figures on the SWM situation in the SWEEP-Net
partner countries, see
per cent20report/sweepnet-regional-report-final-en-2011.pdf.
General for Development of the European Commission (EC), Federal Ministry for
Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ, Germany), Ministry of Foreign Affairs
– Development Cooperation (DGIS), The Netherlands, Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD), United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and The World Bank. 43 pp.
8 Scientific Expert Group on Climate Change (SEG) (2007). Confronting Climate Change:
Avoiding the Unmanageable and Managing the Unavoidable. Rosina M. Bierbaum, John
P. Holdren, Michael C. MacCracken, Richard H. Moss, and Peter H. Raven (Eds.). Report
prepared for the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development. Sigma Xi,
Research Triangle Park, NC, and the United Nations Foundation, Washington, DC, 144 pp.
9 EM-DAT International Disaster Database. See .
10 Meinshausen, M., and others (2009). Greenhouse gas emission targets for limiting global
warming to 2°C. Nature, vol. 458.
Voices of the forest: a community reclaims its livelihood
1 Dierberg, F. and Kiattisimkul, W. (1996). Environmental Impacts of Shrimp Aquaculture.
2 Barbier, E. B. (2003). Ecosystems as Natural Resources.
3 Silori, C. S. et al (2009). Links between Biodiversity Conservation and Livelihood Security in
Practice: A Case Study of Community Conservation of Mangroves in Pred Nai, Thailand. Paper
presented in the International Workshop on Community Forestry, September, pp. 15-18,
Pokhara, Nepal.
4 United Nations (2007). The role of coastal forests in the mitigation of tsunami impacts. FAO,
Bangkok pp. 28-30.
The quest for the ultimate energy for sustainable development through laser technology
1 Applied Physics Letters. 93, 131116, 2010.
2 Available from
Suggested further reading:
- The role of global institute of laser technology in green technology. UNChronicle, January-March
Issue 2012.
- Safe and sustainable energy with LIFE. Science &Technology Review, April/May 2009,
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
- Igniting our energy future. Science&TechnologyReview, July/August 2011, Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory.
- A nuclear third way. The New York Times, 24 March 2011.
- DOE looks again at inertial fusion as a potential clean energy source. Physics Today, vol. 64,
issue 3, March 2011.
Changing unsustainable consumption and production patterns
1 UNESCO (2010). Review of implementation of Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of
Implementation: a 10-year framework of programmes on SCP patterns. Report of the Secretary
General. Commission on Sustainable Development. 13-14 May 2010. E/CN.17/2010/8.
2 UNESCO (2010). Discussion papers submitted by major groups. Contribution by workers and
trade unions. Commission on Sustainable Development-18th session. 3-14 May 2010. E/
CN.17/2010/11/Add.6. §74.
3 CSD18-SGR, §54.
4 CSD18-SGR §53.
5 CSD18-SGR §54.
6 CSD18 Chair’s Summary.
7 Agenda 21, §4.23, chapter 4.
8 COM(2003)302.
9 COM(2008)400.
10 Available from .
Qatar’s commitment to sustainable development:
a forward-looking vision
1 Source: Qatar Petroleum. Sustainable Development Industry Report 2010.
Taking responsibilityfor people and the planet
1 Sources: European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association, European Electro Motor Cars
Association, J.D. Power and Associates.
Advancing the green economy in solid waste management across the Middle East and
North Africa
1 Karl Burkart. Available from
do-you-define-the-green-economy.
2 Maria Sarraf et al, METAP/The World Bank, 2001-2006.
3 The World Bank (2012).
4 With the exception of Tunisia and Jordan, where almost 80 per cent of municipal waste is
disposed of in sanitary landfills.
5 CDM Validation Projects
6 Hans Willumsen, Managing Director at LFG Consult, personal communication, March 2012.